HOW IT WORKS
This essay explains how the Vedic lunar calendar works and why for the days of ekadasi
separate calculations have to be made for all different time-zones. The reason to present this topic
is that the calendar is important for the proper practicing of our spiritual activities.
The most important difference between the Vaisnava and the western calendar is
that the Vaisnava calendar made according to the calculations of the movements of the moon and the
western according to the movements of the sun.
There are to ways to calculate the duration of months and year. The solar and the lunar. The
solar month is equal to the duration of time needed for the suns traveling through one whole zodiac.
In one zodiac there are 12 signs each covering an angle of 30 degrees. The sun in the zodiac moves
every day one degree and thus it needs 30 days to pass through the whole zodiac. Actually, more
precisely, the duration of one month is 30,4 days. 12 such months consist one solar year of a little
bit more then 365 days. With other words, the duration of one solar month is equal to the necessary
time of the sun to come back to the same group of the stars. This solar year is nicely harmonized
with the four seasons of the year.
To understand the lunar year is little bit more difficult. The Vedic
definition of lunar month is based on the changing of the moon from dark to the full moon and backward. While the sun needs one year to make one round around the
zodiac, the moon does the same in one month. We know that the moon is sometimes dark, sometimes a half moon and sometimes a full moon. This is
understood from our position on the earth when we see how much sun is covering the sun. When the sun and the moon are close to each other in the
zodiac, only the back side of the moon (when observed from the earth) is illuminated, and the most of its pat remains dark. In the case when the sun
is in the one and the moon in the other part of the zodiac, the side of the moon which we can observe from the earth, at that time will be fully
illuminated and we will see the full moon. In all other position of the sun and the moon, we will see the moon illuminated by the sun to different
degrees.
In
the lunar calendar, the month begins when the moon is full and it continues
to the next full moon. This lasts for 29,5 days. As 12 solar months consist
1 solar year, thus 12 lunar months consist 1 lunar year. Because the
duration of the lunar month is 29,5 days, the 12 months of lunar year equals
354 days. Thus the lunar year is shorter for 11 days from the solar year
(which has 365 days) and therefore, it is not in harmony with the changing
of the seasons. To harmonize the lunar year with the seasons, every third
year there is an additional month. Thus the shorter lunar year becomes
perfectly attuned with the solar year.
THE
VAISNAVA PANCHANGA
The
Vaisnava calendar is called pancanga. The word pancange means that the
calendar consists of five parts or that it gives information about five
elements. These elements are: vara (a day in the week), tithi (the lunar
day), parana (half of the tithi), naksatra (constellation) and yoga (the
planetary combination).
Tithi.
We described that the lunar month is a period from one full moon to the
another full moon. The lunar month is divided into 30 parts of which each
part is called a day or tithi. The tithis are simply the different changing
of the moon. Thus the first tithi begins at the full moon (when the angel
between the sun and the moon is 180 degrees), and it continues as long as
the angel is not increased for 12 degrees. Thus, one small part of the
illuminated moon becomes unobservable from the earth (or with other words,
the moon is not anymore full). At that time, another tithi begins which
lasts as long as the angel between the sun and the moon again increases for
additional 12 degrees. Then the moon becomes even less full. After 15 of
such tithis the angel between the sun and the moon becomes 360 degrees (or 0
degrees). Because of that, the illuminated side of the moon cannot be
visible at all. After the following 15 tithis the moon becomes again full
moon and thus by passing of 30 tithis the duration of one month becomes
over.
The
fortnight period of waning moon is Krsna paksa and the fortnight period of
waxing moon is called gaura paksa. Some lunar calendars start the
calculation of the month when the moon is in the position of 0 degree or
just after the dark moon. This type of calendar is called mukhya candra. The
other calendars which we follow start imediately with ful moon with Krsna
paksa and are called gaura candra. The speed of the moon in relation to the
sun is not always the same and therefore, the duration of the tithis are
varying between 19 and 26 hours. Thus the lunar tithi is not the same as the
solar day of 24 hours. In this way the tithi can begin at any time during
the day. The names of the tithis are same during the krsna paksa (the dark
moon period) and gaura paksa (the full mon period) except the names of the
full and dark moons.
Naksatra.
The configuration of the stars in the background is called zodiac and it is
divided in 12 signs of which each one covers 30 degrees (360 degrees in a
circle). Another way to divide the zodiac is on 27 parts of which each one
then covers 13 1/3 degrees (27x 13 1/3=360). All these different parts are
called naksatras. Moving in the zodiac, the moon is always crossing through
different nakshatra one after another. In the pancanga the nakshatra refers
to naksatra in which the moon is momentarily present.
Yoga.
The tithis and the nakshatras can be simply understood according to the
signs in the sky. The tithi is the changing of the moon and the nakshatra is
the position of the moon. Now, it is not at all easy to understand yoga in a
similar way and so we will only mention that, just as the nakshatra the yoga
has also 27 divisions. In our daily use of Vaisnava calendar, the
consideration of yoga is not very important.
WHY
WE FOLLOW THE LUNAR AND NOT SOLAR CALENDAR.
In
the Vaisnava calendar the time of different festivals and celebrations is
calculated according to the tithi. Sometimes other things are also
considered like nakshatra etc. most of the scholars who studied the
different Indian calendars, both the solar and the lunar, came to conclusion
that the lunar calendar is the most ancient and the original one. It well
known that the changing of the moon influence the different aspects of life,
not only the agriculture (what is generally well known), but the subtle
aspects of human life as well.
CALCULATING
THE TIME OF EKADASI
The
solar day begins with sunrise and it continues till the beginning of the
next sunrise. On which days we should celebrate certain tithis? Different
scriptures give different rules how to calculate that. In the following
section there is a list of rules given in the Hari Bhakti Vilasa.
THE
POSITION OF THE TITHIS
The
general rule is that one should celebrate the tithi on that day when the
sunrise accrue within the tithi. Sometimes the tithi don't match
with the sunrise but starts after the sunrise and ends before the next
sunrise. Such tithi is placed within the day in which day it falls. If the
tithi is touching the two sunrises the priority is given to the first day.
In
estimating the day on which we have to follow the ekadasi there is a
difference between the Brahmanical and the smarta tradition. In the smarta
tradition the rule for calculating the day of ekadsi is the same as the
general rule for calculating the tithi. With other words the tithi must
begin before the sunrise. However, that the ekadasi is sudha or pure, in the
Vaisnava tradition the ekadasi must start at least two muhurtas before the
sunrise. This period of two muhurtas is called Brahma-muhurta or arunodaya.
If
the ekadasi tithi starts after the Brahma muhurta, even if it is before
sunrise, that ekadasi is called viddha or contaminated and on that day one
have to reject fasting for ekadasi. Fasting for ekadasi have to be observed
the other day.
Lord
Caitanya Mahaprabhu instructed us to avoid the observing of "mixed ekadasi".
In the Sri Caitanya Caritamrta He says: "You should recommend the
avoidance of mixed Ekadasi and the performance of pure Ekadasi. You should
also describe the fault in not observing Ekadasi. One should be very careful
as far as these items are concerned. If one is not careful, one will be
negligent in executing devotional service."
The
"mixed ekadasi" is the translation of "viddha ekadasi" described in
the Hari-bhaki-vilas.
Under
certain circumstances which are called mahadvadasis, one don't fast on
ekadasi but on the next day even if the Ekadasi is not viddha but suddha or
pure. There are 8 different types of mahadvadasis of which 4 are determined
by tithis and 4 by nakshatra.
1.
If the ekadasi starts at daybreak and ends after the sunrise next
day, or with other words if the duration of the ekadasi is longer, the
second day is called unmili mahadvadasi. In this case one should follow
ekadasi vrata on the second day.
2.
If after suddha ekadasi the dvadasi tithi starts before the next
sunrise and lasts until the other sunrise or with other words, the dvadasi
is longer, the first dvadasi is called vyanjuli mahadvadasi. On this day,
one should follow the kadasi vrata.
3.
If the ekdasi tithi is prevailing during the dawn and the
dvadasi ends before the next sunrise (or with other words trayodasi begins
on same day), that day when three tithis are touching the day is called
trisprisa mahadvadasi. On that day one should follow the ekadasi vrata.
4.
If the full moon day is longer lasting through two sunrises the
previous dvadasi is called praksavardini mahadvadasi. On that day one should
follow the ekadasi vrata.
5.
If on the day of gaura dvadasi the purnavasu naksatra is also there
that day is called jaya mahadvadasi.
6.
If on the day of gaura dvadasi the rohini naksatra is also there that
day is called jayanti mahadvadasi.
7.
If on the day of gaura dvadasi the pushya naksatra is also there that
day is called nasini mahadvadasi.
8.
If on the day of gaura dvadasi the sravana nakshatra is alos there
that day is called vijaya mahadvadasi
In
the 5th, 6th and 7th cases the period of the day of
gaura dvadasi must begin before sunrise and end at sunset. In
the 8th
case the tithi must begin before the sunrise but end before the sunset. In
all these cases (from 5-8) that the
day is considered to be a mahadvadasi
the naksatra have to start at sunrise and end at the next sunrise on
trayodasi.
SPECIAL
FESTIVALS
The
day of Govardhana puja is on the full moon day - gaura pratipat - in the
month of Damodara. If the pratipat starts after sunrise and ends before the
next sunrise the Govardhana puja should not be observed at that day
because it is contaminated with amavasya. The festival should be observed on
the next day on dvitiya. If the pratipat is longer, the Govardhan puja have
to be celebrated on that day of the month on which the moon is growing. If
the appearance or disappearance of the acarya is on the day of suddha
ekadasi or on mahadvadasi, the feesting should be on the next day. Although
Lord Vaman appeared on dvadasi fasting for this occasion is observed on
previous ekadasi day. The Vamana puja is held on the midnight of ekadasi day
or in the morning of dvadasi before parana. However, if the dvadasi is
combined together with sravana nakshatra, according to the rules of
mahadvadasi, one should fast for ekadasi and Vamana dvadasi on the day of
mahadvadasi and stop fasting on the next day. (This same principle is
applied on other types of mahadvadasi.)
Rama
navamiis usually celebrated at gaura navami in the month of Visnu. However,
if the dasami (the tithi for parana) is on the same day as navami and the
ekadasi tithi starts at the dawn after the day of navami, the appearance day
of of Lord Ramacandra should be celebrated on the day of astami. And the
parana will be on navami. Janmashtami, the appearance day of Sri Krsna is on
the day of Krsna ashtami at the month of Hrsikes. If the astami is trisprisa
or contaminated with saptami the Janmastami festival should not be
celebrated on the very same day but on the next day. If the astami covers
two sunrises, the janmashtami festivity should be held n the day when the
Rohini naksatra is dominant. And if Rohini is prevailing over two days the
proper day for celebration is that in which Rohini is there in the midnight
as well. However, if Rohini is there in both midnight the celebration is
held in the first day of the two days. If Rohini is not prevailing in
neither of these two days, the day of Janmashtami is observed on Monday or
Wednesday. If no one of these days is Monday or Wednesday you can chose the
first day. Ratha yatra is usually on the day of the day of gaura dvitiya in
the month of Vamana. According to the scriptures the returning of the ratha
is 9 tithis after, when we count the dvitiya as the first. However, the
current tradition is to count the 9 days from dvitiya and not from tithi.
Thus the returning of the ratha is sometimes on ekadasi and sometimes on
navami.
PROBLEMS
WITH CLASSICAL CALENDAR
There
are basically two problems. The first problem is that in the Hari Bhakti
Vilasa according to an important rule one who follows this calendar has to
calculate everything according to the sunrise in the place where he lives.
Therefore the calendar made for Calcutta or Navadvipa will be not the same
as the calendar made for London etc. the dates for ekadasi and other
festival days will certainly differ.
Translation
by Sri Avadhuta Raya Das Prabhu
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